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Digital biomarkers are a set of characteristics and properties collected from digital health technology, which is measured as an indicator of the biological, pathological process and the response to any exposure or intervention which can be therapeutic

Digital Biomarkers in Neurology

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are uncommon amongst the immunocompetent population. A state of immuno-incompetency increases susceptibility of the CNS to infection. CNS infections incur serious burden on the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients

CNS infection prophylaxis in immunocompromised

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare immune-mediated disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Typical manifestations include proximal and distal sensory and motor impairment in four limbs, developing over more than eight weeks.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)

A rare progressive myelinoclastic  disorder of CNS affecting younger adulthood (between 7 and 12 years of age) and considered to be the variant of multiple sclerosis.

Schilder's Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative diseases chronic and progressive functional loss of the neurons resulting in motor and sensory deficits. Adequate nourishment can improve the quality of life. Focusing on diet as a whole has been shown as more beneficial compared to micronutrient management. Nutritional management may improve other neurological disorders

Role of Nutrition in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Digital, decentralized, virtual, global clinical trials are the future. Digital transformation of clinical trials will decrease cost, redundancy and improve efficiency. 

Virtual Clinical Trials (VCTs)

A variety of brain disorders affect cardiac function, causing increased mortality as well as short- and long-term complications

Cardiac dysfunctions in Neurocritical Care

Anterior cord syndrome is the most common cause of spinal cord infarction. It is an incomplete cord syndrome that involves infarction of anterior 2/3rd of spinal cord.

Anterior Cord Syndrome

Time is brain! Artificial Intelligence implementation in cerebral ischemia decrease care latency improving outcomes!

Artificial Intelligence in Neurology - Cerebral Ischemia

Secondary stroke prevention decreases subsequent stroke and therefore disability.

Secondary Stroke Prevention

Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) is the digital analysis of the raw EEG data with the application of mathematical and analytical techniques to characterize the EEG signal.

Quantitative EEG - An Introduction

As digital transformation of healthcare is proceeding we need to enhance our medical education especially in Neurology Digtially!

Digital Education in Neurology

Anterior circulation of the brain comprises of internal carotid artery and its branches.

Anterior Cerebral Circulation

Posterior circulation of the brain consists of 2 vertebral arteries, 1 basilar artery, 2 posterior cerebral arteries and their branches.

Posterior Cerebral Circulation

Absence of collateral function due to hypoplasia or stenosis of collateral arteries may lead to a higher risk of stroke in patients with severe internal carotid artery occlusive disease

Collateral Cerebral Circulation

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that can cause loss of function and debilitating effects in different neurological systems.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

It is an Autosomal Recessive trait, also known as Progressive Hepatolenticular Degeneration. Liver biopsy is the single most sensitive and accurate investigation for the disease. Males are more likely to develop neuropsychiatric disease, whereas females are more likely to develop acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease. 

Wilson's Disease

mHealth also known as the Internet of Things has advanced over the years. Policy for Device Software Functions and Mobile Medical Applications was first issued by FDA in 2013, later on, mHealth Task Force and HIPAA set goals in order to provide care using wireless technology. Many applications approved by FDA and Epilepsy foundation have been introduced to monitor patient symptom diaries and aid clinical trials. Effective delivery of mHealth (telehealth) services will decrease accident & emergency admissions by 15%.

mHealth in Neurology - An Introduction

Digital health is an intersection between technology and healthcare that uses computing platforms, connectivity, software, and sensors. With the increased amount of data being produced Artificial Intelligence as a Service and Ecosystem as a service for cAI open doors for the global coalition of AI clinicians, individual hospitals, networking, and training opportunities. WHO, FDA, and NHS have been continuously releasing guidelines to cope with digital health transformation.

Digital Health - An Introduction

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy caused by the median nerve compression at the wrist level. Early symptoms include pain, numbness, and tingling, mainly in hand. Those symptoms, unfortunately, are often being overlooked by patients and even physicians, resulting in hang hypotrophy in the later stage. Rapid response has been observed in response to short-term oral corticosteroids. Other measures include splinting, local steroid injection, and carpel ligament release surgery.
To provide a better understanding of CTS, this chapter highlights the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management, and prognosis of this condition

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

20 minutes of artifact-free recording of epileptiform activity that consists of synchronized depolarization and repolarization of thalamic and cortical neurons.  20-electrode placement system along with bipolar and referential montages allows comparison of epileptiform activity on both sides of the brain as well as localization of seizure. Many provocative techniques such as hyperventilation, intermittent photic stimulation, and sleep are used to produce epileptiform waves.

Basics of EEG

Also known as Weston-Hurst syndrome most commonly affects the cerebrum followed by the cerebellum, brain stem, or spinal cord. As its pathogenesis involves progressive hemorrhagic demyelination of white matter, MRI is considered the diagnostic test of choice to detect any diffuse edema, confluent lesions, or petechial hemorrhage. Failure to provide early treatment will result in a poor prognosis or even death in a few days.

Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis

A stroke that occurs along with a migraine headache affects more commonly younger women. Overdose of Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, high dose Oral contraceptives Pills, propranolol, and serotonergic medications are among the most common precipitating factors. The patient should meet the ICHD criteria for migrainous infarction for the diagnosis.

Migrainous Infarction

Retinal vein occlusion is the blockage of one of the main veins of the retina and is one of the commonest retinal vascular occlusive disorders, usually associated with a variable degree of visual loss

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

Ketogenic Diet is found to be beneficial in Neurological disorders. We discuss here the impact of Keto diet on different neurological diseases. 

Impact of Ketogenic Diet on Neurological Disorders

Inflammatory disorder in which injury to spinal cord results in rapid onset of neurological symptoms such as weakness, sensory loss and autonomic dysfunction.

Transverse Myelitis

Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that has historically been seen as a motor disorder. However, there are significant non-motor symptoms in almost all of the patients with PD. Including frequent Psychiatric Co-morbidities both in early and late PD

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

There are three major categories of seizures: 1) Epileptic seizures (ES), 2) Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES), 3) Physiologic nonepileptic events (NEEs). PNES/NESS are can be difficult to distinguish from ES.

Differentiating Frontal Lobe Epilepsy from Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine with aura. Hemiplegia in hemiplegic migraine is an aura symptom i.e. patients experience unilateral weakness in addition to the migraine headache attack

Hemiplegic Migraine

Encephalitis is defined as the inflammation of the brain parenchyma. The inflammatory changes can lead to headache, stiffness in neck, sensitivity to light, confusion, seizures and focal neurologic deficits. Viral encephalitis is the most common type of encephalitis and often coexists with viral meningitis.

Viral Encephalitis

Sudden, unexpected, non-traumatic, non-drowning, witnessed or unwitnessed death, in any individual who has history of epilepsy, excludes documented status epilepticus and post-mortem examination does not reveal any cause (anatomical or toxicological) of death.

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency that may result in a complete vision loss that is frequently irreversible. It is considered as having a stroke of the eye

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

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